The tread – differences between different types of tires

adminonJune 27, 2022February 11, 2022Leave a Comment

At first glance, all tires are "black and round" – but there are big differences! They already start with the profile. If you take a closer look at the incisions in the tires that characterize the tread, you can quickly distinguish between different types of tires:

Summer tires

The tread of summer tires is clearly designed for higher temperatures and unsuitable for winter:

Summer tires have coarse tread grooves and, unlike winter or all-season tires, do not have sipes. Its tread is not suitable for winter use.

Like sandals, summer tires are just the right choice in the warm season.

Winter tires

The tread pattern of winter tires is clearly designed for winter road conditions:

Winter tires have clearly visible sipes on the entire tread all the way into the tire shoulder. Lamellas are fine, usually zigzag-shaped incisions in the profile blocks (highlighted here in yellow). They form numerous grip edges that provide optimal grip on snowy and icy roads.

Winter tires are like "lambskin boots" for the car – perfectly adapted to winter conditions.

All-season tires

All-season tires, often called all-weather tires, can be likened to transitional jackets – in theory, they can be used all year round. In winter and in heavy rain, however, the jacket is too thin and does not protect properly, in summer it is too thick and you sweat. Are all-season tires just as safe as summer or winter tires??

Due to different tread types incorporated into the all-season tire, the all-season tire represents a compromise between winter and summer tires. The tread pattern of all-season tires is designed for both summer and winter conditions. sipes, which provide the interlocking effect with the road surface, are generously distributed over the entire tread of winter tires. In all-season tires, these sipes are usually only located in the central part of the tread, which noticeably reduces efficiency on snowy or icy roads.

Disadvantages compared to winter tires

By law, all-season tires used in winter must have the M+S marking ("mud and snow").: mud-and-snow) have. However, there are no test specifications for M+S tires. tires with the snowflake symbol must, however, pass a test on snow. Well-known tire manufacturers offer their winter tires and their all-season tires almost only with the snowflake.
The tread pattern of all-weather tires is also designed for winter conditions, but does not offer the full possible level of safety that a high-quality winter tire would bring. All-season tires are usually not as efficient as the specialized winter or summer tires in more extreme weather situations. However, the quality of the tires must be taken into account here as well.

Disadvantages compared to summer tires

Even in summer, an all-weather tire is not the perfect choice. all-season tires have a comparatively soft rubber compound. This results in a longer braking distance, regardless of the weather, and is also responsible for lower mileage than with a high-quality summer tire.
In addition, all-season tires rub off more quickly at high temperatures and lose their shape sooner than summer tires. The tread of an all-season tire also carries away far less water and is therefore far less efficient in the event of aquaplaning.

Conclusion

DVR recommends using summer tires in summer and winter tires in winter. All weather tires may be a solid tire base in moderate weather at all times. But if you have to drive your car in all weathers, specialized tires are simply the safest way to go.

Expert tip

Jurgen eigenbrodt, nexen tires, sales director:

"winter and summer tires are specialists in their respective fields – the all-season tire is a generalist. This means that compromises have to be made: all-season tires are subject to higher wear, are overtaxed in extreme winter conditions and may perform worse in the values relevant for the tire label. Current tire tests also come to similar conclusions."

off-road tires

Off-road tires, with their relatively coarse tread, are only suitable for winter driving to a limited extent:

So-called SUV or off-road tires are generally only light or heavy-duty, despite the M+S designation. Coarse lamellas (here: small zigzag lamellas). Their winter suitability is therefore extremely limited. use on cold, wet roads is possible, but driving on ice and snow is not recommended!

To stay with the shoe comparison, off-road tires are like hiking boots designed for summer hiking. for trekking and alpine you would again choose others.

A group of researchers led by austrian cell biologist reinhard hinterleitner at the university of chicago has been able to show a link between the autoimmune disease celiac disease and a specific virus infection. the scientists’ findings raise hopes for a vaccination as a possible solution for the future.

Attack of the immune system on the intestine

Celiac disease is a chronic disease of the small intestine caused by the consumption of gluten-containing foods. gluten is a protein found in many cereals. Celiac disease, a special form of gluten intolerance, has the characteristics of both an allergy and an autoimmune disease, because the immune system attacks the body’s own intestines. Those affected react to gluten with digestive problems and severe inflammatory processes of the small intestine. Destruction of the intestinal epithelium can also be associated with it. Since this can lead to severe nutrient deficiencies and subsequently to anemia and osteoporosis, celiac patients must follow a strict gluten-free diet. The number of celiac diseases has risen massively in recent decades.

Connection between intestinal viruses and celiac disease

The trigger for celiac disease is not yet fully known. Genetic factors are likely to play an important role, but the occurrence of viral diseases could also be involved. Within the framework of a project funded by the Austrian Science Fund F, hinterleitner and colleagues have now systematically investigated the connection between celiac disease and certain viral infections. The research work, which was funded by an erwin schrodinger grant from the F, was carried out in a dedicated celiac disease laboratory at the university of chicago. The researchers led by hinterleitner compared serum samples and 150 small intestine biopsies from celiac disease patients with and without intestinal virus infections. They focused primarily on the analysis of noro, rota and reoviruses.

Viruses trigger a false alarm

Comparison of reoviruses showed that people with celiac disease had a significantly higher number of antibodies against it and that these correlated with virus-associated markers in the biopsies. An intestinal virus infection can therefore be the trigger for a celiac disease. This could be caused by the virus-related proliferation and activation of dendritic and T cells. With poor timing – simultaneous dietary intake of gluten – the alarmed cells react not only to the virus but also to gluten. gluten is subsequently fought as a dangerous invader – a characteristic of celiac disease. These data were also confirmed by a celiac mouse model: in a reovirus infection of the small intestine, the mice showed clinical symptoms similar to those of celiac disease with simultaneous food intake of gluten.

Vaccination against intestinal viruses should prevent celiac disease

The fact that young children who have had a rotavirus infection are more likely to develop celiac disease also fits into the picture. Vaccination against intestinal viruses such as rota or reovirus could reduce the incidence of celiac disease in genetic risk groups.

Source

Original publication

Discepolo V., bouziat R., hinterleitner R. Et al.: su1165 virus-enhanced upregulation of type-1 interferon promotes loss of oral tolerance in celiac disease. Gastroenterology (2016), april, vol. 150, 4, supplement 1, p. S484

Edison motors acquires car manufacturer ssangyong has a new owner

Edison motors acquires ssangyong. The Korean automaker had previously undergone a reorganization process and was under state administration.

The ssangyong motor company (SYMC) has a perspective again. A consortium led by the South Korean electric truck manufacturer edison motors, which also includes a South Korean stock market fund and an investment firm from the USA, has taken over ssangyong for the equivalent of around 224 million euros. The corresponding acquisition agreement was signed on Monday (10.1.2022) signed. The insolvency court has approved the takeover. However, the takeover will not become effective until the insolvency court also approves edison’s reorganization plans for ssangyong. They have to be ready by 1. March 2022. ssangyong creditors also still have to approve the takeover.

Door opener to the passenger car sector

edison motors, also from south Korea and founded in 2015, manufactures electric buses and develops commercial vehicles. The acquisition of ssangyong could be a door opener for the company into the passenger car sector. Ssangyong itself had previously named the consortium as its favorite takeover candidate, arguing that it offered the most promising package of offer price, financial strength of members and future plans. it is conceivable that edison could convert ssangyong into a pure electric brand.

In the spring of 2021, the judicial reorganization proceedings against ssangyong were opened in seoul. This merger, which required approval& acquisition’ rehabilitation plan" it is the second stage in the country’s complicated insolvency law. An administrator appointed by the bankruptcy court was to assess whether the company was viable. Had this not been proven, ssangyong could have slipped into insolvency and even been wound up. However, this scenario now appears to be off the table with the takeover that has now taken place.

Production and sales continue

Shortly before the end of 2020, the carmaker had already filed an application for autonomous restructuring support (ARS) proceedings, but these were not successful in time. However, the basic procedure remained the same: ssangyong was able to continue production and sales of its vehicles without restriction. At the same time, the company was given more time to solve its liquidity problems. Among other things, this was to be achieved through a revaluation of its assets, including its headquarters in pyeongtaek and 165 other properties. In addition, ssangyong appealed the decision of the korean stock exchange to exclude the company from its listing.

Until the takeover is completed, the indian mahindra group will continue to hold a 75 percent stake in ssangyong. Since the summer of 2020, the indians have wanted to sell shares and have been searching in vain for a new investor for the chronically unprofitable carmaker. One of the reasons for the recent financial holes was the difficulties caused by the covid 19 pandemic. These have resulted in ssangyong being unable to repay a loan with jpmorgan chase bank that was due in mid december 2019. The sum involved is said to be 60 billion won (equivalent to just over 44 million euros). Even greater liabilities are said to exist at korea’s development bank. During the reorganization process, the repayment burden of the loans and interest was waived.

Constant unrest at ssangyong

ssangyong has undergone several changes of ownership since the late 1990s. The fourth-largest Korean automaker had belonged to daewoo since 1997 and was taken over by the Chinese SAIC group in 2004. Since 2011, mahindra has played the role of the largest shareholder. Two years earlier, ssangyong had already filed for insolvency, which resulted in the inder only receiving a symbolic amount at best of 2.had to pay 100 rupees (currently around 23 euros) for the brand. However, the mahindra group, which has itself been struggling with heavy losses for some time, has recently been unwilling to pump the necessary money into the chronically financially weak brand.

A spokeswoman confirmed that the continuation of the restructuring process will not affect the operating business for the time being. "trade and service will be maintained unchanged in germany." the importer also has high hopes for the new models to be offered soon. These include the long version of the compact SUV tivoli, the new pickup musso and the refreshed rexton. In addition, a new electric SUV is waiting on the horizon for its final presentation.

Summer tires

Winter tires

All-season tires

off-road tires

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