Rc modeling

adminonJune 6, 2022February 11, 2022Leave a Comment

The scale shows the size ratio between the original and the model. Depending on the template of the model, different scales are used to create a controllable and manageable model.

There are different types of RC design. A distinction is made between ready-built models and kits. rtr (ready-to-run) and rtf (ready-to-fly) are ready-to-run and ready-to-fly models respectively.

The RC drive describes the energy supply and the type of drive of a remote-controlled vehicle. A distinction is made between electric and gasoline engines. The distinction between all-wheel drive, single-axle drive and other types of motor also serves to differentiate between the various RC drives.

The age recommendation indicates the age group for which the RC model has been designed. This ensures that the demands of use, for example by difficult assembly of the car, correspond to the physical and mental abilities of the child.

The maximum speed indicates the maximum speed of the model. Depending on the terrain and experience, different maximum speeds should be used in order not to cause damage to the model.

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RC modeling guide

Updated: 28.01.22 | author: online editorial office

Guide to RC models

Steering your own racing car, soaring through the air in a glider or exploring new waters in a sailboat. what sounds like a dream can become reality for you: with RC models. RC modeling offers you a wide range of possible vehicles with which you can experience exciting adventures. The range here extends from small off-road vehicles to large passenger jets.

the special feature of rc model building is that the models are all functional. So you can actually take to the skies in an airplane or sail across a large lake in a ship. The individual models can be purchased in different sizes, according to your personal taste. RC models are controlled by a radio remote control system, which not only allows them to steer forwards, backwards or sideways, but also to carry out special functions such as airbrakes for aircraft or bow thrusters for ships.

If you want to get started right away, RC complete sets contain everything you need for a quick start. If you are more of a hobbyist, you can buy all the components separately and build your own vehicle according to your wishes.

This guide gives you a brief overview of the different RC models, their control and particularities. It also contains valuable tips and tricks for model building.

The different models at a glance

Glowing asphalt – car models

If you are thinking of buying a remote controlled car, here is a wide range of possible models for you to choose from. First, you should consider how you want to use the vehicle. Should it be an off-road vehicle or rather a fast road racer?? You should also decide on a size. Small remote-controlled vehicles are already available in a scale of 1:43. This means that one centimeter of your model vehicle corresponds to 43 cm in reality. Larger vehicles have a scale of 1:5.

The remote-controlled cars are driven by either an internal combustion engine or an electric motor. The electric motor is particularly beginner-friendly. The battery installed in the model is connected to the mains via a separate power supply unit and charged in this way. When buying an electric vehicle, make sure it has a powerful battery. A capacity of 5000 mah, for example, gives you a long period of use and ensures that you can use your vehicle longer.

models with gasoline engines are of course much more realistic. the smell of gasoline alone makes many a man’s heart beat faster. In addition, gasoline-powered radio-controlled vehicles are usually more powerful and thus also suitable for off-road use.

In addition to the road or off-road vehicles, you can purchase RC vehicles for special areas of application. These include wheel loaders, trucks or excavators, for example. There are no limits to your imagination here.

Off into the air – airplane models

If you want to take to the air, a model airplane is a good choice for you. A basic distinction is made between gliders and electrically powered aircraft. Models with combustion engine are also available.

Gliders are made of a particularly light material and also have a small auxiliary engine. This ensures that the aircraft can reach a certain altitude before the engine is switched off. Afterwards, the plane floats silently through the air. depending on the prevailing thermals, you can achieve a long flight duration with glider models without consuming electricity or gasoline.

Similar to the car models, the motor-driven aircrafts have a small electric motor that is recharged via the wall socket. These aircraft, unlike gliders, can stay in the air for a long time and provide long-lasting flight enjoyment. Due to the electric motor installed, electric airplanes are slightly more expensive than gliders.

For a particularly high degree of reality provide aircraft with internal combustion engine. These are powered by gasoline, so they need to be refueled from time to time. Due to their increased power, models with internal combustion engines are especially suitable for experienced pilots who are already familiar with the control of a model airplane.

ship ahoy – ship models

You also have a choice when it comes to ship models. If you want to glide silently and freely through the waves, go for a model sailboat. This has overhanging sails and is powered only by the wind. Electricity or gasoline are not necessary.

If there is not enough wind available, you can also purchase a ship with an electric motor. the small engine provides sufficient propulsion in calm conditions. Electric boats are particularly suitable for beginners, as they require little maintenance and are reliable.

If you value a loud chugging marine engine, you should choose a model with an internal combustion engine. The propulsion is provided by a small gasoline engine, which not only sounds powerful, but also provides for one or the other smoke cloud over the water. This makes boating feel especially good. models with internal combustion engines do require occasional maintenance, so it is advisable to have a certain knowledge of how to handle such models.

Full control – the control

RC models are usually controlled by a mobile transmitter that transmits the control impulses to the model. Current remote controls allow you not only to make conventional inputs such as forward, backward, left or right, but also to use special functions of the model. This may include control flaps on aircraft or thrusters on ships.

The signals generated by the remote control are processed by a receiver built into the model and converted into mechanical movements. Special steering levers transfer the power to steering rods, which in turn cause a steering lock. when buying a model, please note that you usually have to buy a remote control and receiver separately.

It is important that the remote control fits your hand size. not only should it be comfortable to wear, but it should also allow you to reach all control surfaces comfortably with your fingers. A long battery life is also recommended so that you have full control of your model at all times.

Buying tips

First of all, you have to decide whether you want to buy a car, a plane or a ship. In the following, consider your preferred mode of operation. For beginners, it is best to start with an electric-powered rc vehicle. These devices are low-maintenance and only need to be recharged from a wall socket. If you are already familiar with model building and have technical know-how, then you can choose a model with combustion engine. These models offer you a high degree of realism and are particularly fun to drive.

No matter which model you finally decide on, with RC models you become your own driver. And that on land, water or even in the air.

Our team consists of editors whose extensive knowledge is based on years of journalistic experience in e-commerce. We enthusiastically research all the information on a wide range of topics and summarize it clearly for you in our guidebooks.

Calculate car tax

Depending on the year of manufacture, the vehicle tax is calculated on the basis of the engine capacity and the euro standard or the CO2 emissions. >> more about the guide

Photo: bauerstock/AUTO ZEITUNG

The vehicle tax is levied on every registered car in Germany and since 2009 has been based on engine capacity and CO2 emissions. How to calculate your car tax with the help of the federal tax office’s calculator!

When you register your own car with the relevant registration authority, you automatically become liable for vehicle tax. It also applies to foreign cars that have a regular location in germany, as well as classic cars with red license plates. Until 2014, the federal ministry of finance was responsible for collecting vehicle tax. Since then, the federal tax administration (customs) has been responsible. For drivers, the changeover will not make any significant difference, as the vehicle tax is usually debited from the account annually by means of a sepa direct debit mandate. This means that, after registering the car and agreeing to the direct debit procedure, motorists usually do not incur any further expense. More on the topic: vehicle tax for hybrid vehicles
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Bonus-malus system based on CO2 emissions discussed when buying a car (video):

This is how the vehicle tax is calculated (until 2009)

But how is the vehicle tax actually calculated?? Various factors are used for this, which are determined first and foremost by the date of initial registration: For cars registered before 30. If the car was newly registered on June 1, 2009, the type of drive, cubic centimeter (cc) displacement and emission class (euro standard) are the decisive factors. Thus, drivers:inside of gasoline engines with euro 3 standard and better pay 6.75 euro per 100 cubic centimeters of displacement or part thereof. cars with euro 2 will be charged 7.36 euros per 100 cubic centimeters of displacement, euro standard 1 will be charged 15.13 euros. Euro 0 (formerly without ozone driving ban) costs 21.07 euros and 25 respectively.36 euro. For compression-ignition vehicles, it is staggered as follows: 37.58 and 33.29 euros respectively are charged for euro 0 (the latter: formerly without an ozone ban), cars with euro 1 standard cost 27.35 euros per 100 cubic centimeters of displacement, 16.05 euros for euro 2 and 15.44 euros for euro 3 and better. An exception to the displacement-based vehicle tax is made for Wankel or rotary piston engines: their high power output with low displacement would result in a tax advantage over classic internal combustion engines. For this reason, the vehicle tax is calculated per 200 kilograms or part thereof of total weight, staggered at 11.25 euros up to two tons, 12.02 euros from two to three tons and 12.78 euros from three to 3.5 tons. More on this topic on the customs website: assigning key numbers to the euro standard
guide

car tax with first registration from 30. June 2009

For cars with first registration after 30. June 2009 the calculation of vehicle tax is different: in addition to the type of drive and engine displacement in cubic centimeters (cc), CO2 emissions are also taken into account in the tax. The vehicle tax for otto and wankel engines two euros per 100 cubic centimeters or part thereof of engine capacity and another two euros per gram of CO2 per kilometer. For every 100 cubic centimeters of engine capacity, the following costs apply diesel engines 9.50 euros plus two euros per gram of CO2 emitted per kilometer. For cars with a date of first registration between 5. November 2008 and the 30. Since June 2009, a so-called favorability test has been carried out, in which the more favorable tax rate of both types of calculation is applied. Read more about this topic on the customs website: car tax for light vehicles, motor homes, commercial vehicles and trailers
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Climate package: increase in vehicle tax

ÄChanges due to WLTP conversion in 2018

With the introduction of the more realistic WLTP (worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicles test provenure) fuel consumption measurement in September 2018, the vehicle tax increased in many cases, even though technically absolutely identical models were simply re-measured. This is due to the fact that more realistic test conditions lead to more practical and thus usually higher fuel consumption. Higher fuel consumption means higher emissions and CO2 values, the latter being a factor in calculating vehicle tax since 2009 (see paragraph: vehicle tax with first registration from 30. June 2019). This resulted in an implicit tax increase for a large proportion of registered vehicles. More on the topic on the customs website: customs explains WLTP background in traffic law
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Possible car tax concessions

The law for the car tax provides various concessions or tax exemptions for example for severely handicapped people, for foreign vehicles or for electric cars.
People with a severely handicapped pass and the sign H (helplessness in the activities of daily living), bl (blindness or high degree of visual impairment) or ag (extraordinary walking disability) can apply for a complete exemption from vehicle tax. For severely disabled persons with the signs G (walking disability) and gl (deafness), the motor vehicle tax law provides for a tax reduction of 50%.
foreign vehicles, vehicles that are used for a maximum of one year and are not used for the transport of persons and goods in germany are exempt from vehicle tax. The exemption does not apply if the car has been in germany for more than a year or is registered there, for example, with a change of residence.
Also exempt from vehicle tax are electric cars – depending on the first registration, limited to five years (EZ up to 2011) or ten years (EZ from 2011). Afterwards, e-car drivers have to pay a 50 percent reduction in vehicle tax. More about this topic on the website of the customs: car tax reduction or exemption
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environmental bonus: Apply for e-car bonus

Here to the car tax calculator of the federal ministry of finance

You can find out how the car tax is calculated in detail using the car tax calculator track on the site of the federal ministry of finance. click here for the car tax calculator of the federal ministry of finance
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EU limits: CO2 emissions cars & penalties

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Introduction

Italy, located in the south of europe, is known for its rich culture, wonderful climate and beautiful nature. In italy there are several large lakes where in summer many tourists stay. Also you can still find many romantic towns where the traces of the ancient cultures are still visible. Here you can enjoy the italian cuisine and the people will welcome you with kindness and hospitality.

History

Today’s italy was once inhabited by different peoples. In the south of the country the greeks built their cities and in the north the etruscans ruled. In the center was the province of latium with rome as the most important place. Here lived the romans. Rome became more and more powerful and was able to defeat the greeks and the etruscans in the third and fourth centuries b.c.

The Romans continued to expand their territory. The famous roman dictator julius caesar conquered in the years sixty and fifty b.c. all of gallia (today france) and other territories that are now part of italy. Two hundred years later, europe was almost completely in the hands of the romans and their culture became decisive in many countries. The romans did not succeed in defeating the germanic tribes.

After the death of the last ‘great emperor’, marcus aurelius, the vast empire went downhill. At the end of the fourth century the empire broke apart. the roman empire was too big to be managed centrally and also the defense left a lot to be desired in this huge country. The empire was divided into a western part, with rome as the capital, and an eastern part, with constantinople as the capital. The western empire was conquered by the germanic tribes. The empire fell apart and henceforth consisted only of individual cities.

The fourteenth century brought the turning point.Florence, milan, pisa, genoa and venice blossomed into rich trading cities in the middle ages. Italy became a European cultural center. The country flourished in art, literature, politics and research. names such as leonardo da vinci, michelangelo, dante machiavelli and galileo date back to this era. Also the italian explorers, like marco polo and christopher columbus, are still famous names today.

Under the rule of napoleon bonaparte, france was able to conquer italy at the end of the eighteenth century. Napoleon lost his power when the english and the russians defeated the french. In 1870 the unification of Italy was proclaimed. During the first world war, the country was neutral in the first instance but later fought on the side of the allies. After the war, Italy fell into a social, political and economic crisis. Fascist benito mussolini seized power in 1922 and appointed himself ruler of italy. His goal was to create a new roman empire.

During the second world war, mussolini was an ally of hitler and fought against great britain and france. Germany and Italy lost the war and Mussolini was executed. The monarchy was abolished and italy became a republic. Thanks to the financial aid of the United States, Italy was able to recover. Italy became a member of NATO (north atlantic treaty organization) and of the european union. Italy’s governments are unfortunately often unstable.

Society and culture

Italy is a very densely populated country. A total of 58 million people live there. Rome has a population of 2.7 million people and Milan has more than one million inhabitants. More than two million italians are of foreign origin, mainly albanians, and immigrants from morocco, romania, china and ukraine.

Most Italians (87%) are Roman Catholic. Until 1984, the roman catholic church was also the state church. There are also about. 500.000 believers belonging to the protestant or orthodox church, as well as ca. 35.000 Jews. The islamic community has increased due to the immigration from north africa.

Italian is the official language. Ca. 75% of italian words derive from the latin language. During the unification of italy (end of the nineteenth century) the italian language was spoken by only three percent of the population. It was the written language. Italy consisted of different linguistic zones. In order to form a single country, there had to be an italian national language:

Italian as a national language. When television arrived, the italian language really became the national language. But today there are still many populations that speak their own native language. Examples are: German, French, Slovenian, Greek, Catalan, Albanian and Sardinian.

Everywhere in Europe you can still find remains of the old roman times. The italian culture has contributed to the european civilization. Italian art, literature, architecture, film and music became famous all over the world. The Italian population usually felt more connected to their hometown or region than to the country as a whole. Italians are friendly and hospitable. The own family and the friends have a high value. Italians love good food and they are sports fans. In the south of the country you will get to know the real italian temperament:

Expansive gestures, a different volume of language, and a fanatical and passionate attitude to life.

Political situation

The italian constitution dates back to 1948. The Italian Parliament is composed of a Chamber of Deputies (with 630 deputies) and a Senate (with 315 members). The president is elected by the united chambers of the parliament and representatives of the 20 regions: 3 per region, with the exception of the aosta Valley, which may only send one representative. The regions have their own administration. The president appoints the prime minister, who in turn appoints ministers to office.

Italian politics is not very stable. Italy has seen sixty different cabinet governments since the Second World War, with both left-wing and right-wing leanings. Every five years elections are held among the population for the parliamentary representatives and the regional councils. Often this happens earlier in connection with early elections. Politics often has to deal with corruption.

Silvio berlusconi, the center-right media magnate, was prime minister of italy in 1994. In the same year he was forced to resign and was succeeded by several leftist cabinet governments. in may 1999 the current president, carlo azeglio ciampi, was elected. A new (left-wing) government has been formed, this time led by a former communist. This government lasted until 2000, when it was succeeded for a short time by the center-left Giuliano Amato. On the 13. May 2001 berlusconi became prime minister of italy again.

The current president of italy is the leftist politician giorgio napolitano. He was elected president in may 2006.

Economy

Until the second world war italy was an agrarian country. People lived from agriculture. Later, industry really took off and the economy flourished. There is still a difference between the north and the south of italy. The industry is more advanced in northern Italy than in southern Italy. The south is still largely agrarian and industrial plants can only be maintained with government subsidies.

In the eighties, the national debt increased and unemployment grew more and more. At that time there was talk of a recession, from which Italy was able to recover over time. Many people found work in the service sector and in the industry, which was renewed. Instead of food and textiles, the main products were now technology, steel and chemical products.

In Italy, there are mainly medium-sized and small family-owned companies that specialize in certain markets and niches. These companies are mainly found in the north of italy. Large industries are seen as manufacturers of machinery, vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment, fashion and clothing. Many of these products are exported to foreign countries. Italy also exports wine and food products.

Italy has few natural resources and many raw materials have to be imported. Italy has been struggling with a trade deficit for years. Italy imports more than it can export. Also, inflation and unemployment are still major economic problems. Many companies and industries are owned by the state. Privatisations are intended to make the business sector more energetic and to reduce budget deficits.

Geography and climate

The total area of italy is 301.323 km2. Italy is for the most part a peninsula. It owes its name "the boot of italy" to its shape. The largest islands are Sicily and Sardinia. Italy is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea. The Apennines form the backbone of Italy. This mountain range merges with the Alps in the north. The mountains form a natural border with Austria and Switzerland. France and slovenia are two other neighboring countries of italy.

In the north of the country there are several large lakes, such as Lake Maggiore, Lake Como, Lake Iseo and Lake Garda. Famous volcanoes are found in the south of italy. Vesuvius is near Naples, Etna is active in Sicily and Stromboli is on the same island. Italy’s longest river is the po. This river rises in the Alps on the border with France and flows into the Adriatic Sea near Venice. The river Po has many branches that reach the sea through the Alps, the Apennines and the Dolomites. Other important rivers are: the Tiber, the Adige and the Arno.

In italy there are two independent states. These are the states of Vatican City and San Marino. The administration of the catholic church is located in vatican city. The pope is the head of state here.

Climatically, italy consists of three areas. the mountainous north has an alpine climate with cold winters and warm summers. The south of italy is dry and hot. The rest of the country has a Mediterranean climate: pleasant summers and fairly mild winters. Most of the precipitation falls in autumn and spring.

Traffic and infrastructure

Italy has an extensive and well maintained road network. You must pay tolls on the expressways. The most important highway runs through the west of the country: the ‘autostrada del sole’. Just like everywhere else on the european continent, the italians drive on the right side of the road. Wearing a seat belt, both in the front seat and in the back of the car, is mandatory. Mobile phone calls are prohibited when you’re behind the wheel. The speeds are indicated in km.

A good bus network connects the cities of italy with each other. There are also many local bus companies operating in the cities. If you travel by intercity bus, you can buy the ticket on the bus. tickets for the city bus lines must be purchased in advance. You can get the tickets in the tobacconist. The SITA S.P.A is a large bus company that operates many bus connections both nationally and internationally.

italy also has a pretty good railroad network. The network of connections is not perfect, but train travel within italy is still recommended. In addition, train travel is quite inexpensive. The railroad network is mostly operated by trenitalia S.P.A. Served and is 16.000 kilometers long. In the cities you can continue your journey by streetcar or metro.

Italy has national and international shipping connections. International connections are for example with croatia and greece. Within Italy you can travel by ship to Sicily for example. The most important port within italy is genoa.

The long distances within Italy can also be covered by plane. Many foreign guests travel to Italy by plane. the most important (international) airports are located near rome and milan: rome fiumicino international airport, milan malpensa international airport and milan linate international airport. Other airports are for example: trieste international airport and palermo international airport. The national airline is the alitalia.

Time zones

Italy has a time zone of GMT +1. at the beginning of summer time, the clock is set forward by one hour, as it is in our country.

Eat& drink

Italian dishes are often not complicated but because of the many tasty combinations and the freshness of the products, Italian cuisine has become world famous. Everyone then also knows pasta and pizza. The italians take a lot of time for lunch and dinner. They usually start the meal with an ‘antipasto’, an appetizer. with pasta or risotto, a salad is often eaten as well. Further, a lot of cheese is used in the dishes: mozzarella, ricotta and gorgonzola. The dishes are prepared with onions, garlic and tomatoes. For dessert, of course, the excellent italian ice cream is highly recommended. Also, a cappuccino (in the morning before 11:00) or espresso is often drunk. The most famous drink in italy is chianti wine.

The italians eat late and the restaurants are therefore often open from 20:00 hours. The restaurants are of quite good quality and often the prices of the dishes are affordable. If you have a drink at the bar, it is usually cheaper than if you have it served at the table or on the terrace.

Accommodation

almost everywhere in italy vacation homes are rented out. In the resorts you can also book an apartment. There is also a wide range of campsites available. You will find the most campings near the big lakes. The parking spaces vary in price depending on quality. most campgrounds are large and offer many amenities. You can bring your own tent or caravan, but you can also rent a caravan. Finally, you can choose to stay in a hotel. Especially the larger cities, or famous places, offer a wide choice of hotels. But also in the smaller towns and regions you will surely find the hotel of your choice.